Systemctl Command Examples

If you are using any popular Linux distribution including Debian, Ubuntu, Arch, openSUSE, or Fedora, your system uses systemd as its init system.

Sure, there are controversies surrounding systemd. But, it is the most used init system.

In a systemd-equipped distro, there is a command that could make your life easy. It is the systemctl command, used to interact with the systemd init service. System administrators always use this command, but it is also useful for end-users wishing to take control via the terminal.

For instance, you can use the systemctl command to list services in Linux.

So in this tutorial, I will walk you through all the essentials you need to learn to use the systemctl command:

• The basic syntax and common flags.
• Practical examples of the command.
• Practice questions to get better at using the systemctl command.

Here's How to Use The Systemctl Command

To use the systemctl command, it is important to learn the syntax and available options.

Here's how the syntax looks like:

systemctl <command> <service_name>

Here,

• <command>: this is where you specify the action you want to execute over the service such as stop, start, etc.
• <service_name>: this is where you specify the name of the service that you would like to work with.

To manage services, you have various commands to use with the systemctl command, here's a list of one of the most useful ones:

Now, let's take a look at some practical examples of the systemctl command.

Practical examples of the systemctl command

In this section, I share some practical examples of the systemctl command, ranging from the basics to the advanced ones.

Let's start with how you can start your service.

1. Start a service

In most cases, the installed service gets activated by default, but there are times when you are required to do that manually.

To start a service, you need to use the start flag with the systemctl command and append the name of the service, as shown here:

sudo systemctl start <service_name>

Let's say I want to start the Apache server, I'll be using the following:

sudo systemctl start apache2

2. Enable a service

When you start a service, it will only be effective until the next boot. This means the service will be turned off when you reboot your system.

To tackle this situation, you want a service to start automatically when you boot your system and for that purpose, you can use the enable flag as shown here:

sudo systemctl enable <service_name>

For example, if I want to enable Apache service, then I'll use the following:

sudo systemctl enable apache2

3. Stop a service

When you intend to modify an active service, the first step you have to perform is to stop the service and for that purpose, you use the stop flag as shown here:

sudo systemctl stop <service_name>

For example, here's how you stop the Apache service:

sudo systemctl stop apache2

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4. Disable a service

If you've enabled a service in the past, and now you don't want it to be active at every system boot, you can disable it.

To disable a service, you use the disable flag as shown here:

sudo systemctl disable <service_name>

To disable the Apache service, I use the following command:

sudo systemctl disable apache2

5. Check the status of a service

Checking the status before performing any action over a service is highly recommended and can save you a lot of time.

To check the status of a service, all you have to do is append the name of the service to the status flag as shown here:

systemctl status <service_name>

Here, I check the status of the Apache service:

systemctl status apache2

As I disabled the Apache service earlier, the above output suggests that the service is disabled.

But depending on your service, you may receive a different status of the service, and here's what it means:

6. Restart a service

Once you modify the service configuration, or if it is not responding, then restarting a service can be helpful.

To restart a service, you use the restart flag as shown here:

sudo systemctl restart <service_name>

For example, my Apache server was not responding, so if I were to restart the service, then I use the following command:

sudo systemctl restart apache2

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7. Reload a service

You reload a service when you make changes to the service configuration, and you want to apply changes without restarting the entire service.

To reload a service, you use the reload flag as shown here:

sudo systemctl reload <service_name>

For example, I made a few changes to the Apache service and now if I were to reload the Apache service, here is what I type in the terminal:

sudo systemctl reload apache2

8. Mask a service

Masking a service is the most efficient way to prevent that service from being started, either manually or automatically, during system boot.

Think of it as a more robust version of stopping the service 😉.

To mask a service, you use the mask flag as shown here:

sudo systemctl mask <service_name>

Here's how the command would look for the Apache service:

sudo systemctl mask apache2

Whenever you mask the service, you see a symlink created which redirects the service's configuration file to the null device (/dev/null). This means you cannot start the service by any means until it is unmasked.

9. Unmask a service

If you want to start the masked service, it needs to be unmasked first!

To unmask a service, you use the unmask flag as shown here:

sudo systemctl unmask <service_name>

Just type in the command like this:

sudo systemctl unmask apache2

As you can see, it removed the symlink pointing to /dev/null.

10. Set the default target

Setting a default target refers to changing the default operational mode or runlevel that the system will enter after booting up.

One good example of setting a default target is to choose the user interface to boot, such as you can either boot to CLI mode or GUI.

To set a default target, you use the set-default flag as shown here:

sudo systemctl set-default <target-name>

For example, if you want to boot into the GUI, then I will set the default target to graphical.target as shown here:

sudo systemctl set-default graphical.target

Apart from the GUI target, you have other options as well:

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11. List unit files

Unit files are plain text configuration files that are used to define and manage system services and units.

You can list all the unit files by executing the following command:

systemctl list-unit-files

12. List of all active sockets

When you list all the active sockets, you get insight into the inter-process communication channels established on a systemd-based system.

To list all the active sockets, use the given command:

systemctl list-sockets

And there you have a list of all the sockets which are listening for the incoming requests.

Practice questions 📓

Once you know the basics of the systemctl command, it is important to practice getting better at using the command.

Here are some practice questions for the systemctl command:

1. How would you check the status of the httpd service using systemctl?
2. Write the command to start the sshd service if it's not already running.
3. You want to enable the mysqld service to start automatically at system boot. What command would you use to do this?
4. Suppose you need to reload the configuration of the nginx service without interrupting its operation. What systemctl command would you use?
5. Your system is currently set to boot into the multi-user.target by default. You want to change the default target to graphical.target for the next boot. How would you use to accomplish this?

If you encounter any difficulty solving the above questions, you can post your queries in our community forum or drop a comment below.

Wrapping Up

Now that you know the essentials of systemctl command, what next?

Well, if you are all about exploring and experimenting, you can create your own systemd service. Here's how to write your own systemd service in Linux:

How to create a systemd service in Linux

Learn the steps for creating systemd services in Linux with the practical example demonstrated in this tutorial.

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Are you a new learner looking to explore Linux commands? You might want to start with the fundamentals:

Linux Command Tutorials for Absolute Beginners

Never used Linux commands before? No worries. This tutorial series is for absolute beginners to the Linux terminal.

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💬 Did I miss a variation of the systemctl command important to you? How do you use it for your use-case? Please let me know in the comments.